Research on the Rationality of New Energy Vehicle Charging Station Layout and User Demand Satisfaction

Based on the Investigation and Analysis in Shanghai

Abstract

With China's carbon neutrality strategy, Shanghai's charging facilities face layout imbalance and low efficiency. The paper constructs a "space–behavior–perception" framework using multi-source data and a 2026 survey (254 questionnaires; 219 valid core samples). The results show that Shanghai’s charging facilities present a “central concentration, ring diffusion” pattern, classified into regulation, maintenance, and development zones. The paper identifies three distinct user groups: battery-swap-preference type, high-frequency slow-charging-dependent type, and medium-frequency fast-charging-satisfied type. The high-frequency slow-charging-dependent group exhibits the lowest satisfaction, especially in charging convenience and cost. The most prominent charging anxiety scenarios are occupied chargers, equipment failure, and peak-time queuing. Overall satisfaction across seven dimensions ranges from 3.00 to 3.12, with information accuracy scoring highest (3.12) and operation and maintenance lowest (2.94). All satisfaction dimensions are positively correlated, with spatial accessibility and charging convenience acting as core and hub dimensions, respectively. Importantly, information accuracy partially mediates the relationship between charging convenience and operation and maintenance, accounting for 45.10% of the total effect, revealing a “leveraging effect.” These findings suggest that charging facility optimization should shift from mere expansion to quality improvement, prioritizing information accuracy and systematic enhancement of spatial accessibility and convenience. The study provides a theoretical and empirical basis for charging infrastructure layout optimization in megacities.